Notre Dame de Paris often known simply as Notre Dame in English, is a Gothic cathedral on the eastern half of the Île de la Cité in Paris, France, with its main entrance to the west. It is still used as a Roman Catholic cathedral and is the seat of the Archbishop of Paris. Notre Dame de Paris is widely considered one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture. Restaured and saved from destruction by Viollet-le-Duc, one of France's most famous architects.
Innovations
Dame de Paris was one of the first Gothic cathedrals, and its construction spanned the Gothic period. Its sculptures and stained glass show the heavy influence of naturalism, giving them a more secular look that was lacking from earlier Romanesque architecture.
Notre Dame de Paris was among the first buildings in the world to use the flying buttress. The building was not originally designed to include the flying buttresses around the choir and nave after the construction began and the thinner walls (popularized in the Gothic) grew ever higher, stress fractures began to occur as the walls pushed outward. The buttresses were added to prevent further deterioration. For many years, the buttresses were reviled as it was said they looked "like scaffolding" someone had forgotten to remove and gave the cathedral an "unfinished" look.
Features
western façade of the cathedral is the single most well-known feature. It is divided into three distinct levels, a holdover from Romanesque architecture. The image to the right indicates some of the west front's most significant features. Preceded by a Gallo-Roman temple to Jupiter, a Christian basilica, and a Romanesque church, construction of Notre Dame de Paris began in 1163 during the reign of Louis VII. Pope Alexander III laid the foundation stone. The idea to replace the Romanesque church occupying the site - the Cathedral of St. Etienne (founded by Childebert I in 528) - was that of Bishop Maurice de Sully (who died in 1196). (Some accounts claim that there were two churches existing on the site, one to the Virgin Mary, the other to Saint Stephen.) Construction was completed roughly 200 years later in about 1345. The choir was completed in 1182the nave in 1208, and the west façade and towers circa 1225-1250 (even though the towers are considered "massive", they are still incomplete). A series of chapels were added to the nave during the period 1235-50, and during 1296-1330 to the apse (Pierre de Chelles and Jean Ravy). The transept crossings were built in 1250-67 by Jean de Chelles and Pierre de Montreuil (also the architect of the Sainte-Chapelle). It was essentially completed according to the original plans.
Art inside the cathedral
The cathedral displays a sculpture of the Virgin Mary which is known as the Virgin of Paris. Commissioned during a time of great wealth by local merchants who saw the cathedral as a source of civic pride and a symbol of new economic freedom, the sculpture is noted for its decadent display and lavishly expensive decoration. While not heretical in subject, some observers have felt that the sculpture is more a symbol of arrogant wealth than piety.
[edit] Construction
In 1160, having become the "parish church of the kings of Europe", Bishop Maurice de Sully deemed the current Parisian cathedral unworthy of its lofty role, and had it demolished shortly after he assumed the title of Bishop of Paris. According to legend, de Sully had a vision of a glorious new cathedral for Paris, and sketched it in the dirt outside of the original church. To begin the construction, the bishop had several houses demolished and had a new road built in order to transport materials for the new church.
Construction began in 1163, during the reign of Louis VII, and opinion differs as to whether Bishop Maurice de Sully or Pope Alexander III laid the foundation stone of the cathedral. However, both were at the ceremony in question. Bishop de Sully went on to devote most of his life and wealth to the cathedral's construction.
Construction of the west front, with its distinctive two towers, began circa 1200, before the nave had been completed. Over the construction period, numerous architects worked on the site, as is evidenced by the differing styles at different heights of the west front and towers. Between 1210 and 1220, the fourth architect oversaw the construction of the level with the rose window and the great halls beneath the towers. The towers were completed around 1245, and the cathedral was completed around 1345.
[edit] Timeline of construction
1160 Maurice de Sully (named Bishop of Paris), orders the original cathedral to be demolished.
1163 Cornerstone laid for Notre Dame de Paris - construction begins
1182 Apse and choir completed.
1196 Nave completed. Bishop de Sully dies.
1200 Work begins on western façade.
1225 Western façade completed.
1250 Western towers and north rose window completed
1250 – 1345 Remaining elements completed
During the Paris Commune in 1871, the cathedral was nearly burned by the Communards - and some accounts suggest that indeed a huge mound of chairs was set on fire in its interior. Whatever happened, the Notre Dame survived the Commune essentially unscathed.
[edit] Statistics
The bell "Emmanuel" in the south tower weighs 13 metric tons (over 28,000 pounds). The clapper alone weighs 500 kilograms (about 1,100 pounds).
It is said that when "Emmanuel" was recast in 1631, women threw their gold and other jewelry into the molten metal, giving the bell its unique, pure F sharp tone.
The main vault inside the cathedral is 34 metres (112 feet) high.
The towers of the western façade are 69 metres (226 feet) tall.
422 steps (that become increasingly narrower) in a spiral staircase lead to the very top of the bell tower.
The reigns of Louis XIV (end of the 17th century) and Louis XV saw significant alterations including the destruction of tombs and stained glass. At the end of the 18th century, during the French Revolution, many of the treasures of the cathedral were either destroyed or plundered. The statues of many of the saints (which were thought to be statues of royalty) were beheaded. The heads were eventually found and are on display at the nearby Musee de Cluny. Only the great bells avoided being melted down, and the cathedral was dedicated first to the Cult of Reason, and to the Cult of the Supreme Being. The church interior was used as a warehouse for the storage of forage and food.
After falling into disrepair, a restoration program overseen by Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Lassus (died 1857) and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, was carried out in 1845. This program lasted 23 years, and included the construction of the spire (see image) and the sacristy.
Site history
The Notre Dame de Paris stands on the site of Paris' first Christian church, Saint-Étiennene Basilica, which was itself built on the site of a Gallo-Roman temple to Jupiter. Notre Dame's first version was a "magnificent church" built by Childebert I, the king of the Franks in 528, and was already the cathedral of the city of Paris in the 10th century.
[edit] Site history
Notre Dame panorama, 1909.The Notre Dame de Paris stands on the site of Paris' first Christian church, Saint-Étiennene Basilica, which was itself built on the site of a Gallo-Roman temple to Jupiter. Notre Dame's first version was a "magnificent church" built by Childebert I, the king of the Franks in 528, and was already the cathedral of the city of Paris in the 10th century.
Notre Dame de Paris is 130 m (427 ft) long.
Significant events at Notre Dame
1185 - Heraclius of Caesarea calls for the Third Crusade from the still-incomplete cathedral.
1239 - The Crown of Thorns placed in the cathedral by St. Louis during the construction of Sainte-Chapelle.
1302 - Philip the Fair opens the first States-General.
December 16, 1431 - Henry VI of England is crowned King of France.
November 7, 1455 - Isabelle Romée, the mother of Joan of Arc, petitions a papal delegation to overturn her daughter's conviction for heresy.
April 24, 1588 - Mary I of Scotland is married to the Dauphin François (later François II of France), son of Henry II of France.
August 18, 1572 - Henry of Navarre (later Henry IV of France) marries Marguerite de Valois.
December 2, 1804 - After the anointing by Pope Pius VII, Napoléon seizes the crown from the pontiff and crowns himself emperor, then Joséphine.
1900 - Louis Vierne is chosen the official Notre Dame organist after a heavy competition against the 500 most talented organ players of the era. He dies at the cathedral organ (as was his life-long wish) on June 2, 1937.
1909 - Joan of Arc is beatified.
May 16, 1920 - Joan of arc is canonized.
August 26, 1944 - The Te Deum Mass takes place in the cathedral to celebrate the liberation of Paris. (According to some accounts the Mass was interrupted by sniping from both the internal and external galleries.)
November 12, 1970 - The Requiem Mass of General Charles de Gaulle is held.
May 31, 1980 - After the Magnificat of this day, Pope John Paul II celebrates Mass on the parvis in front of the cathedral.
Generally, French Catholic religious events of national significance take place in Notre Dame.
The cathedral is renowned for its Lent sermons founded by the famous Dominican Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire in the 1840s. In recent years however an increasing number have been given by leading public figures and state-employed academics.
Statistics
The bell "Emmanuel" in the south tower weighs 13 metric tons (over 28,000 pounds). The clapper alone weighs 500 kilograms (about 1,100 pounds).
It is said that when "Emmanuel" was recast in 1631, women threw their gold and other jewelry into the molten metal, giving the bell its unique, pure F sharp tone.
The main vault inside the cathedral is 34 metres (112 feet) high.
The towers of the western façade are 69 metres (226 feet) tall.
422 steps (that become increasingly narrower) in a spiral staircase lead to the very top of the bell tower.
The reigns of Louis XIV (end of the 17th century) and Louis XV saw significant alterations including the destruction of tombs and stained glass. At the end of the 18th century, during the French Revolution, m
我是外国文学的。给你回答这个问题吧个人认为其表现手法就是所谓基督教文学中的善恶二元对立。
悲惨世界中冉阿让就是受到米利安主教的感化，从恶走向至善。并且让这种至善发扬广大，这一手法就是基督教文学常常采用的一首二元对立的手法。雨果用这一手法来表现他的人道主义精神。
同时在悲惨世界中，通过冉阿让在监狱里出来之后人性更加的恶 与主教对他的爱与宽容的感化，让他的心灵得到救赎，说明 越是强制的制度越能压抑人性、
呼唤 雨果的作品中要表现的那些人道主义思想，有很多处都有明显的记录：冉阿让在偷主教的银器被警察抓获，作为主教的米里艾，他不单没有说冉阿让偷了他的东西，反而还送多一个银器给冉阿让，这些都无不体现着主教的仁爱思想，他希望用爱对化解冉阿让身上的罪恶，让他的灵魂从新回归，这正是雨果要表达的人道主义思想。
雨果以人道主义作为武器，对当时社会中不合理的现象作出无情的批判，对弱势人群的穷困潦倒表现出了极大的同情，他坚持用“善与恶”的冲突来解释社会中存在的种种现象。他认为世界是两种原则——善与恶的斗争舞台，并把所有的矛盾都归结为善与恶的对立，而恶终将会被打败，恶会走向善。爱的力量。
我觉得最明显的表现手法就是对比，善恶二元对立、
《悲惨世界》为例，分析雨果的资产阶级人道主义思想。
雨果代表作《悲惨世界》，充分体现了作者的资产阶级人道主义思想：
1 对贫苦人民的不幸遭遇表示深切的同情，对当时社会的控诉。
如：冉阿让被监禁19年的罪行“只不过是偷了一块面包”；芳汀从一个天真善良的姑娘，被迫害成流落街头，终因贫病交加而死的妓女。
2 以满腔热情歌颂了共和党人的英勇斗争精神，表达了他的人道主义理想。
小说通过米里哀主教和冉阿让宣扬了以“仁爱”、“慈善”为中心的人道主义。米里哀主教是雨果理想中善的化身，收留冉阿让以仁慈感化他，使一心要报复社会的冉阿让变成了一个乐善好施、广施济贫的市长。
3谴责了资产阶级的法律。现存法律是低级法律，使罪犯重复犯罪，而人道主义才是高级法律，使罪弃恶从善、终止犯罪。
4塑造了人道主义最高理想“冉阿让”。
如冉阿让被米里哀主教感化后，也像主教一样以德报怨，终使沙威“人性”复活，最后精神崩溃而投河自杀。
5人道主义的局限性：借人道主义感化统治阶级的矛盾，这是不可能的、是腐蚀剂。
人道主义的本意是：把人当人对待。在好多大作家的作品中，人道主义表现为对弱者的同情。凡是伟大的作品，无不充满着人道主义精神。这些作品的作者们也都是些悲天悯人的慈善家。他们的眼睛不是盯着那些凭借强力征服世界的强者，也不是盯着那些衣食无忧、享尽富贵荣华的世袭者或幸运者，而是将目光投向下层人和不幸者。雨果在《巴黎圣母院》里面将满腹的同情注入到那位受骗受害的吉普赛小姑娘身上.在雨果的《巴黎圣母院》中，人道主义就是人文主义的一种演变形式。
巴黎圣母院以离奇和对比手法写了一个发生在15世纪法国的故事：巴黎圣母院 副主教克罗德道貌岸然、蛇蝎心肠，先爱后恨，迫害吉卜赛女郎爱斯梅拉尔达。面目丑陋、心地善良的敲钟人卡西莫多为救女郎舍身。 小说揭露了宗教的虚伪，宣告禁欲主义的破产，歌颂了下层劳动人民的善良、友爱、舍己为人，反映了雨果的人道主义思想。
巴黎圣母院中运用了大量的对比 我总结了几点
1卡西莫多的外表的丑陋与内心的纯洁
2克洛德主教冠冕堂皇的外貌社会地位与内心龌龊的对比
3卡摩西多丑陋与浮比斯英俊外貌的对比
4艾丝美拉达的美与克洛德主教的对比
这部作品中同时也采用的善恶二元对立的手法、、
