并列词语和并列词的区别

并列词语是指多个单词组成的词语，而并列词则是指多个单词在句子中表达同一意思的词。它们之间的区别在于，前者由多个单词组成，表达的意思稍微模糊，它们具备相似的意义；而后者则是同一意思的单词，表达的意义更加清晰。

1 四字并列的成语

酸甜苦辣、功过是非、成败得失、悲欢离合、生死存亡、新愁旧恨”等词义依次并列的之外，特别值得重视的是语义交叉组合的并列结构成语，可分三类：

一、近义交叉组合。这种类型的成语，居于奇数和偶数位置的两字，意思分别是相同或相近的，互文见义。如：

心满意足 豪言壮语 生搬硬套 生吞活剥 风驰电掣 显亲扬名

千辛万苦 含辛茹苦 赏心悦目 目瞪口呆 水深火热 痛心疾首

二、反义交叉组合。这种类型的成语，居于奇数和偶数位置的两字，意思分别是相对或相反的。如：

凶多吉少 古往今来 今是昨非 虎头蛇尾 开源节流 杀富济贫

三、近义、反义交叉组合。这种类型的成语，居于奇数和偶数位置的两字，一对意思相同或相近，另一对则意思相对或相反。如：

同甘共苦 忆苦思甜 东奔西走 南征北战 左顾右盼 明争暗斗

明白了语义交叉并列结构成语的特点，至少有以下好处：

1可以根据其中较熟悉的字理解居于相同奇偶位置上较陌生（或易理解错）的另一字，进而弄懂整个成语的意思。如：

抛头露面 攻城略地 童山秃岭 文过饰非 功成名就 时移世易 兴尽意阑

这组成语由近义交叉组合而成，其中第一、三位置上的两字语意相同或相近，故“抛”与“露”同，意为“暴露”；“略”与“攻”近，意为“夺取（土地）”；“童”与“秃”同，意为“秃，不长树木”；“文”与“饰”同，意为“掩饰”。第二、四位置上的两字意思相同或相近，故“就”与“成”同，意为“完成，确定”；“易”与“移”近，意为“改变”；“阑”与“尽”近，意为“将尽”。

再如：

否极泰来 党同伐异 翻天覆地 前倨后恭 兴利除弊

这组成语由反义交叉组合而成，其中第一、三位置上的两字是一对反义词，故“否”与“泰”反，意为“坏、恶”；“党”与“伐“反”，意为“偏袒”；“覆”与“翻”反，意为“底朝上翻过来”。第二、四位置上的两字是一对反义词，故“倨”与“恭”反，意为“傲慢”；“弊”与“利”反，意为“害处、毛病”。

2可以根据其中的一个字推断出居于相同奇偶位置的另一字的正确写法，以避免写错别字。如：

山（青、清）水秀 行尸走（肉、兽） 安贫乐（贱、践） 南辕北（撤、辙）

“山清水秀”还是“山青水秀”？只要想想括号里的字必须与同属于偶数位置上的“秀”意思相同或相近，而“秀”组词有“秀美、秀丽、清秀”等，与表示颜色的“青”无关，就很容易判断出只有“清”才是正确的。同理，与“尸”意思有关的是“肉”而不是“兽”，故正确写法是“行尸走肉”；与“贫”意思相同的是“贱”，跟“践”无关，故正确写法是“安贫乐贱”；与“辕”相关的是“辙”，跟“撤”无关，故正确写法是“南辕北辙”。

英语的并列连词就结构形式来说分为单词并列连词(SINGLE-WORD C00RDINATOR)，如and，or but：nor yet so； 关联并列连词(CORRELATIVE C00RDINATOR)，如both…and，not only…but(also)，eitheror，neither…nor，not…but等。此外还有连词for是介乎并列连河和从属连词之间的，本书把它也放在并列连词中处理。

从语义上划分，英语的并列连词义可分为表示语义增进的并列表示因果的并列连词。

I．表示语义增进的并列连词

表示语义增进的并列连词以and为代表，not only．．but(aIso)，nor，neither．．nor等。

语义增进是连词and所表示的主要意义。

He bought a table and two chairs．

I am interested jn chemitry(化学)and in mathematics(数学)。 John did the work,and he did it wel (约翰做了这件事．而且 做得好。)

You doubt his capacity,and with reson (你怀疑他的能力， 而 且有理由怀疑、)

表示语义增进，and有时还可出现了句首，这主要用于非正式语体。

例如：

Well he doesn't have a fever And his pulse is fine

Just a litt[e cold，Chartie，say the doctorBetter stay inside

today, Charlie．And take it easy．

Did you serve in either or my last two campaigns

除表尔语义增进，连词and还可用于其他意义。比如表示对比和转折： He was city-bred(在城里长大的)，and she was country-bred(在 乡间氏大的)-She was rough(粗鲁)，and he was gentle(文雅)． He is Jack of a11 trades and masterr of none． (他样样刽5会， 门 门不箱。)

There is all talk and no action (尽是空谈，没有行动)

He is so rich and lives like a beggar (他北常富有，而生活却象乞丐一般。)

又例如麦不条件：

Tell him anything，and he just looks at you blankly

(=If you tell him anything，he just looks at you bIankly．)

Give me some more time，and I will show you how it can be done

Think it over again and you'll find a way out

bothand是对加and意义的强化。例如：

Both Mary and her mother were not there

She is weIl known both for her kindness and for her intelligence．

要注意，bothand在用法上也不完全与and相同。比如我们可以说：

Mary and her mother were not there．

却通常不说：Both Mary and her mother were not there．而应说；

Neither Mary nor her mother was there．

又例如and可用来连接两个分句，而bothand不可以比如我们可以说：

Mary went marketing,and her mother did the cooking

却不可以说：

Both Mary went marketing, and her mother did the cooking．

再者，and可以连接两个以上的项目，而both…and却只限于两

项。比如我们可以说：

He can sing and dance and play the violin

He can both sing and dance．

却和可以说：

He can both sing and dance and pIay the vioIin．

not only．．．but(aIso)与both．．and意义相近，但侧重在后一并列成

分。例如：

NOt only the mother but also the children are sick．

She can not only speak English but also write in it．

与both…and不同，not onlybut(also)可用来连接两个分句，作这种用法时，not only所引导的分句需用倒装词序。例如：

Not only was everything he had taken away from him,but also

his German citizenship(德国公民资格)．

nor，neither…nor是表示否定的语义增进，这就是说，如果上文是个否定结构，下文可用nor表示否定意义的增进。例如：

He is not interesed in physics(物理学)，nor in biology(生物学)．

The job cannot be done by you，nor by me，nor by anyone else．

It was not anger nor surprise，nor disapproval，nor horror, nor

any of the emotions she had been prepared for．

如果用nor连接分句，随后得用倒装词序。例如；

Both Mary went marketing, and her mother did the cooking．

再者，and可以连接两个以上的项目，而both…and却只限于两项。比如我们可以说：

He can sing and dance and play the violin

He can both sing and dance．

却和可以说：

He can both sing and dance and pIay the vioIin．

not only．．．but(aIso)与both．．and意义相近，但侧重在后一并列成分。例如：

NOt only the mother but also the children are sick．

She can not only speak English but also write in it．

与both…and不同，not onlybut(also)可用来连接两个分句，作这种用法时，not only所引导的分句需用倒装词序。例如：

Not only was everything he had taken away from him,but also

his German citizenship(德国公民资格)．

nor，neither…nor是表示否定的语义增进，这就是说，如果上文是个否定结构，下文可用nor表示否定意义的增进。例如：

He is not interesed in physics(物理学)，nor in biology(生物学)．

The job cannot be done by you，nor by me，nor by anyone else．

It was not anger nor surprise，nor disapproval，nor horror, nor

any of the emotions she had been prepared for．

如果用nor连接分句，随后得用倒装词序。例如；

I don't want to go,nor will my wife．

neither nor表示既不……又不的含义，加强了否定的意义例如：

Neither my father nor I will go there

He neither ate,nor drank,nor smoked．

如果用neither…nor连接两个分句，两者都要用倒装词序。

Neither has he called on her ,nor wtll he do so．

Neither has she much time, nor have I．

在下列诸句中，ne此er可用于nor的意义，但不是并列连厉接副词：

She didn't give anything and neither did he．

=She didn't give anything，nor did he．

=She didn't give anything；neither did he．

The men were not well-dressed Nor/neither were the women

She hasn't much time and neitherr have I．

2) 表示语义转折和对比的并列连词

表示语义转拆和对比的并列连词以but为代表，此外还有

notbut,yet,whereas, while，only等。例如：

He is hard-working but not very intelligent

He would like to go, but he can't

we were comingto see you , but it rained(so we didn't)

They would have written to you, but you told them not to

Hc would have said no,but he was afraid．

和and一样，并列连词but也可出现于句首，表示语义转折，

赵连接上下句的作用。例如：

When Galileo toId people of his discovery(发现)，no one would

believe him． But Galileo was not discouraged

When she saw that Abraham liked reading，she did all she could

to help him． But the family was poor and the boy could not get

many books

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