主语是一个句子中所要表达,描述的人或物,是句子叙述的主体。主语是一个句子中所要表达,描述的人或物,是句子叙述的主体。可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。
其他语种简单介绍如下:
谓语由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词+主要动词)构成,依据其在句中繁简程度可把谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。不论何种时态,语态,语气,凡由一个动词构成的谓语都是简单谓语。
宾语是动作的对象或承受者,常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。
定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的成分。定语主要有形容词此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子。
状语,英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语。状语的功用:说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中。
6、英语补语的作用对象是主语和宾语,具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的,是起补充说明作用的成分。最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作补语。
英语句子中的主语 主语就是是一个句子的主题,它的位置一般在一句之首,可用做主语的有单词,短语,从句乃至句子 如: the man (主语)grasped the boy(宾语) by the hand那男人抓住那个男孩的手. is would be nice to see her again 如果可以再见她一面,那将是一件令人开心的事.(句子做主语)
英语中可以充当主语的成分有:名词,代词,名词化了的动词,形容词,分词,副词或数词等,动词不定式或不定式短语, 从句,以及某些固定词组。,作主语的词:名词,代词,名词化了的动词,形容词,分词,副词或数词等,动词不定式或不定式短语, 从句,某些固定词组。
名词作主语
例:The villagers didn't realize how serious the pollution was until the fish in the river died
直到河里的鱼死了,村民们才意识到污染的严重性
S(subject主语)+ V(verb谓语动词) +O(object宾语) 主系表结构 :S(subject主语)+V(verb谓语动词,也称为系动词,就是所说的“系”)
倒装:Not until the fish in the river died did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was
注意:倒装在主句,从句不倒装 /did 和not 提前,只剩动词原形
强调:It was not until the fish died in the river that the villagers realized how serious the pollution was
如果强调的是主语或宾语且指人用who,其他一律用that。是that,而非其他/主句的顺序(倒装不强调,强调就不倒装)
人称代词(主格),名词性代词,指示代词,不定代词,such(----样的人、物),it(时间,天气,距离等)
at midnight /in the(泛指)middle of the night
例:It is 9 o'clock when I went home
我回家的时候已经九点了
一般句:It was nine when I got home
强调句:It was at nine that I got home
原形:I got home at nine
注意:作主语在句首/it作主语构成(常用 v-ing,不常用只有 use,good)
(1)It is +adj +of (人的属性)/for (物的属性)to do
例:It is necessary to finish the design before National day Tomorrow is National day
有必要在国庆节之前完成设计。明天是国庆日
(2)it is +n+for/of to do
例:It is not good manners for Arabs to stand close talking to their friends
对阿拉伯人来说,和他们的朋友说话离得近不是一个好习惯
It is a great honor for us to be invited to the party
被邀请参加聚会是我们极大的荣幸
在感叹句中必须用it作形式主语:What a joy/ pleasure (it is) to read the book
在问句中必须用形式主语:Is it possible to go to the moon by spaceship:可以乘宇宙飞船去月球吗?
数词作主语
Ten out of 100 Americans are over /above /more than 65
动名词作主语
一般 / 完成时
v-ing: 主动/doing/having done
not doing:被动/being done/having been done
注意:doing 无时间限定/与谓语同时出现/在谓语动词后发生having done发生在谓语之前
He still remembers being prized
当逻辑主语为无生命的东西时
1作主语时,通常表示一般性的无时间性的东西。而不定式表示某一种具体的动作。
Smoking is habit difficult to break:抽菸的习惯很难打破的
2主语和表语一致
Seeing is believing:眼见为实
3逻辑主语必须是所有格形式
The old man's taking pity on the snake leads to his death那个老人怜悯那条蛇,导致他的死亡。
4“it” 作形式主语:当表语为 no use,no good,no harm,any good,fun等名词或useless,nice,good,interesting,worthwhile等形容词时,句首常用it作形式主语,动名词后置。句型常用于说明“某种活动或某件事情如何”
不定式作主语
To +动词原形
Not to do 解释:具有动词的性质,作宾语,状语/具有名词的性质,作主语/具有形容词性质,作定语/具有副词的性质,作状语。除谓语不可作之外,其他都可。
一般式:to do
进行时:to be doing
完成时:to have done
完成进行时:to have been doing
to do:表示动作发生在谓语之后,I want to go home与谓语动词几乎同时发生
to be doing :表示与谓语动词同时发生
to have done:发生在谓语动词之前 Someone was considered to have done something
to have been doing :动作从过去开始一直持续到谓语动词这个动作的发生
不定式表示一种确定的动作
To do morning exercises this morning is not good for your health:今天早上去做早操对你的健康不好
名词化的形容词:the poor /the sick
名词化的过去分词:the disabled
名词化的介词短语:From my home to school is three kilometers:从我家到学校有三公里
副词----不定式或动名词
What an excitement to find a shark when you’re swimming in the sea
当你在大海中游泳时,发现鲨鱼是多么兴奋的事
句子作主语
〔1)that引导的从句,无意义,不担当句子成分,不省略
a It +v+ that从句
b It +系动词+表语+that 从句
c It is strange that he didn't e here yesterday:奇怪的是,昨天他没来这里
当形容词为important necessary strange /that should +动词原形
It is strange that he should (表示吃惊)pass the exam:奇怪的是,他可以通过考试
〔2)It is +n +that 从句
What a pity it is that you didn't e to this party:真遗憾你没来这个聚会
当名词为a pity/a shame /a surprise +should +v原形(表示竟然)
What a pity that she should be fail in exam:真遗憾,她竟然考试不及格
〔3) It is +过去分词+that 从句
It is reported that a car accident happened there:据报道,发生一场车祸
从句s +be v-ed + inf
He is said to be studying in the USA:据说他在美国学习
有人建议suggest/order/request + 从句 should +动词原形
〔4) It +动词原形seem/appear /turn out/+that
It seems that it will rain:看来要下雨
〔1 〕It strikes that 从句 :表示“某人突然想…”
It occurs to that从句:表示“某人发生了…”
〔2〕 为强调从句意义,that从句常放在句首
例:That he will e here is of great help:他来这儿是很有帮助的
That you failed the exam will…:你考试失败了会…
--What made his father so angry :什么使他父亲很生气?
--That he failed the exam 或He fails the exam:他考试不及格
c在问句中必须有形式主语
It is true that Bush will visit China again
Whether /if是否不担当句子成分,也不省略
A句首只用whether
Whether he will e to the meeting is unknown yet
B句末形式主语都可用 It ----whether/if
It is of no/little important whether/if it will rain today
c在有些句型中,从句不在前 It doesn't matter whether ----
It doesn't matter whether it is new/it will rain tomorrow
〔3) 连接代词 who /whom/whose/what/which/担当从句成分,有意义,不省略
A what + + clause
What we will do next is not decided
B what+修饰词 意为什么样的……
What color you like is none of my business
C what ……人,……事,……物
What he said at the meeting surprised everyone present
注意:what前是否有先行词/与that 之间的区别
That he said it at the meeting surprised everyone present
What 与which 的区别
Which/what you want---若给定范围用which,没有用what。
What ---be that---强调句的一种(强调后者):
What I need most is that someone helps me
另外,what引导的从句作主语时,大多数情况下视为第三人称单数:
What we need is time
What you said yesterday is right
但也有例外,如What we need are good doctors
注意:当what引导的名词性从句作主语时,主谓一致问题极为复杂。著名学者周海中教授在论文《关于what-分句作主语的主谓一致问题》中就这一问题做了深入研究,并给出了10种的主谓一致关系。这些一致关系值得英语学习者和使用者特别注意。
There be +what clause
There was we call People's Republic of China in Chinese history
What +比较级what more /what worse
what引导从句作状语修饰全句的内容。在句首或句中,很少在句尾
Which +n (single)
Whose +n(只用此)
Whose father is a doctor is no sense
It从句作形式主语(what……人或物时,不用it)
〔4)连接副词when/whose/how/why担当句子成分,有意义,不省略
How the accident happened puzzled everyone句尾用形式主语it
〔5) 引导主语从句
whoever/whosever/whatever/whichever/Anywhere/anything that /everyone that/whoever=anyone whom/anything that (泛指)/anything what (特指)
Whoever 指人从意义判断
Who 引导指事
Since the introduction of reform, China has made earth shaking changes自从改革以来,中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。
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