在英语中 简单的说:
当一个句子充当句中的成分时,就叫做该成分的从句
比如一个句子做主语,那么就叫主语从句;
比如一个句子做宾语,那么就叫宾语从句;
比如一个句子做定语,那么就叫定语从句;
比如一个句子做状语,那么就叫状语从句;
比如一个句子做表语,那么就叫表语从句;
比如一个句子做同位语,那么就叫同位语从句 句子成分(主谓宾定状补)通常都是单词,这样的句子叫简单句
如果句子里用另外一个句子做句子成分,那就是一个复杂句,而做成分的句子就叫做从句
i saw him这里主谓宾都是单词,是简单句
i saw that he was singing
主句是I 谓语是saw 宾语是"that he was singing"这个句子,而这个句子就叫宾语从句
与这个相似的还有,主语从句,定语从句,表语从句,状语从句等
另外to normanjl:不要误导呀,从句是充当句子成分,而不是修饰句子成分比如主语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句,表语从句都不起修饰的作用只有定语从句和状语从句才起修饰句子成分或句子的作用
从句不能单独成立的说法也是错的,从句自己就是一个完整的句子去掉导引词后是完全可以单独成立的甚至有的从句根本就没有引导词 宾语从句 用一个句子作宾语就是宾语从句
如:Nobody knew (whether he could pass the exam) 没有人知道他是否会通过考试
He told me (that he would go to college the next year) 他告诉我他明年上大学
Do you know (who has won Red Alert game) 你知道是谁赢得了红色警戒的游戏么
He didn’t tell me (when we should meet again )他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面
括号括着的都是宾语从句 定语从句 what 不能引导定语从句,可引导主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句; it 只是个代词,不能引导从句
where(先行词是地点):I live in a beautiful city where I was born
which(先行词是物):I live in a beautiful city in which I was born
where = 介词+ which
that(先行词是人或物):I live in leshan that(可用which) is a beautiful city
who(先行词是人,做从句的主语或宾语):I know this man who(可用that) are standing under the tree
whom(先行词是人,做从句宾语):I know this man whom the manager fired yesterday 主语从句 在复合句中充当主语的句子叫做主语从句
It is certain that he will win the match
Whom we must study for is a question of great importance 状语从句 状语从句
(Adverbial Clause)
一 状语从句的种类
§ 1状语从句的种类
用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句状语从句可分为:
1时间状语从句;(adverbial clause of time)
2地点状语从句;(adverbial clause of place)
3原因状语从句;(adverbial clause of cause)
4条件状语从句;(adverbial clause of condition)
5目的状语从句;(adverbial clause of purpose)
6让步状语从句;(adverbial clause of concession)
7比较状语从句;(adverbial clause of comparison)
8程度状语从句;(adverbial clause of degree)
9方式状语从句;(adverbial clause of manner)
10结果状语从句(adverbial clause of result)
§2状语从句的时态特点
一般情况下,时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”,用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”例如:
I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing 我一到北京就给你打电话(这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句,从句中的谓语动词arrive是一般现在时,表示一般将来时,决不可用will arrive)
As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home 我一完成此工作,就回家(从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时have finished,表示将来完成时,决不可用will have finished)
If he comes back, please let me know如果他回来了,请通知我(从句中的谓语动词用comes back,表示一般将来时,决不可用will come back)
二 时间状语从句
§3时间状语从句(adverbial clause of time)
1由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句例如:
When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something当你以为自己一无所知的时候,你就是在开始知道一些事物了
When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it当真理被埋在地下的时候,它在生长,它感到压抑,它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量,一旦冒出,它就会炸破一切!
Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁
Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim 我游泳的时候,请你照看一下我的衣服
You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it 当你的手在空气中挥动的时候,你就能感觉到空气在流动
Our headmaster laughed as she spoke我们的校长边谈边笑
区别when, while和as的区别:when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词并且when有时表示“就在那时”例如:
When she came in, I stopped eating她进来时,我在吃饭(瞬时动词)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him当的住在农村时,我常常为他担水(延续性的动词)
We were about to leave when he came in我们就要离开,就在那时他进来了
While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)并且while有时还可以表示对比例如:
While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV (was reading是延续性的动词,was reading和was watching同时发生)
I like playing football while you like playing basketball我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球(对比)
As表示“一边……一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as也可以强调“一先一后例如:
We always sing as we walk我们总是边走边唱(as表示“一边……一边”)
As we was going out, it began to snow当我们出门时,开始下雪了(as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间)
2由before和after引导的时间状语从句注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语,并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后,有时译成“就,才”还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系当主句用将来时,从句总是用现在时;如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时,则主句动词多用过去完成时,这样以便体现动作发生的先后After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反例如:
It will be four days before they come back 他们要过四天才能回来
Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我
My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了
They had not been married four months before they were divorced 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了
After you think it over, please let me know what you decide你仔细考虑过以后,告诉我你是怎样决定的
After we had finished the work, we went home完成工作之后,我们回家了(从句用过去完成时,主句用一般过去时)
3由till或until引导的时间状语从句till和until一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同例如:
I didn't go to bed until(till) my father came back直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉
It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English直到散会之后他才开始教我英语
I worked until he came back我工作到他回来为止
I didn't work until he came back他回来我这才开始工作
Please wait until I arrived在我到达之前请等我
4由since引导的时间状语从句 since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时但在It is +时间+since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时例如:
I have been in Beijing since you left 自从你离开以来,我一直在北京了
Where have you been since I last saw you 自上次我和你见面以后,你到哪里去了
It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了
It is five months since our boss was in Beijing我们老板离开北京有五个月了
5由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句这些连词都表示“一……就”例如:
I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast 吃完早饭,我立即到那里去
The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot我一听到消息,马上赶到了出事地点
As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up 我一到加拿大,就给你来电话
注意hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相当于as soon as之意主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时,主句应用倒装语序例如:
He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey 他刚到家,就被邀请开始另一旅程
No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work太阳刚从地平线上升起,他就起床劳动去了
Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in我刚坐下,他就进来了
He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder这个阿拉伯人刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触
6由by the time引导的时间状语从句注意时态的变化:在一般情况下,如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词用过去完成时;如果主句的谓语动词用一般现在时,主句的谓语动词用将来完成时例如:
By the time you came back, I had finished this book到你回来时,我已经写完这本书了
By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work 你明天来这儿的时候,我将已经完成此工作了
7由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句例如:
Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me 他每次来哈尔滨,总是来看我
Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie每当那个人说“说实在话”的时候,我猜想他就要说谎了
You grow younger every time I see you 每次遇到你,见你更年轻了
8由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句这两个连词表示“有多久……就多久”例如:
You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark 你可以随意到哪里去,只要在天黑以前回来就行
I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存,我就要反对这种境况
三 地点状语从句
§4地点状语从句 (adverbial clause of place)
地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导,已经形成了固定的句型,例如:
句型1:Where+地点从句,(there)+主句
注意此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”;主句在从句后面时,there可用可不用;如果主句在从句的前面时,一般都不用there例如:
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible在没有雨水的地方,耕作是困难的,或根本不可能的
They were good persons Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed 他们都是好人因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎
You should have put the book where you found it 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方
Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated哪里有了中国***,哪里人民得解放
句型2:Anywhere/ wherever+地点从句,+主句
注意anywhere本身是个副词,但是,常可以引导从句,相当于连词,意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后 而wherever本身就是个连词,表示“在何处,无论何处”例如:
Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen有海就有海员 就这么多吧
从句是一个不完整的句子,必须和一个主句连用,不能独立存在,只做主句的一个成分。
v I hope that everything is all right(宾语从句)
v She is the girl who sings best of all(定语从句)
v She was reading the newspaper when I came in(状语从句)
注意事项:
语序:从句都用陈述语序
连接词:连接词的正确选用,从句的引导词必须始终置于从句句首
在一个复杂句中,如其中一个句子是另一个句子的重要组成成分,那么这个句子就叫做从句。
在英语中,从句是相对于主句来说的,从句在主句中位置不同,所起的作用也不同。当从句在主句中充当主语,就叫做主语从句;当从句在主句中充当宾语,就叫做宾语从句;当从句在主句中充当表语,就叫做表语从句;当从句在主句中充当状语,就叫做状语从句;当从句在主句中充当定语,就叫做定语从句;当句子在主句中充当同位语,就叫做同位语从句。
在英语把从句分为三个类型
一、因为宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句以及同位语从句在主句中的功能与名词相同,所以这四种从句称为名词性从句。引导名词性从句的关联词主要有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词等等。
二、因为定语从句在主句的功能与形容词相同,所以称为形容词性从句。引导定语从句的关联词主要有that、which、who、whose等等。
三、因为状语从句功能与副词相同,所以称为副词性从句。根据状语从句在主句的含义不同,我们把状语从句分为:原因状语从句、目的状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句、条件状语从句、时间状语从句、比较状语从句、结果状语从句。引导状语从句的关联词主要where、when、what、which、once、if、why等等。
在一个句子里,有专门的词引导,解释说明这个句子某些成分的句子叫从句。
比如说:She
says
(that)
she
works
from
Monday
to
Friday
她说她从周一至周五上班。
那个(that)后面的就是从句口语中that可以省略,但书面和正式场合不可以
英语中,主从复合句是指含有两个或更多主谓结构的句子,其中有一个(或更多)主谓结构充当整个句子的某一(些)成分。其中句子的主干部分就叫做主句,而作为句子某一成分而包含在整句话中的句子就叫做从句,主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。充当定语的句子叫定语从句,充当状语的句子叫状语从句,充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语的句子叫名词性从句。主句与从句之间用关联词连接起来。关联词除了在主语与从句之间起连接作用外,绝大多数不但本身有意义,而且还要在从句中充当句子成分。
说起来有些难懂,我们试举例说明:
I think that I am a good girl 我认为我是个好女孩儿。
整个句子有两个主谓结构:I think that 是主句,而 I am a good girl 就是从句,它既可以作为一个完整的句子,同时又作为主句中think的宾语,是think的宾语从句。
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