在定语从句中,一般有一个先行词和一个关系代词先行词可以是指人或物的词;而关系代词是指that who等的一类词位置是:先行词一般在前,关系代词(也就是你所说的引导词)在后关系代词的选用要看先行词比如说,先行词是人的话,关系代词一般选用who,而先行词是事情的话,一般选用that或which
一、if或whether引导宾语从句时,作“是否”讲,常放在动词ask
、see
、say
、know和find
out等后面。一般情况下,两者常可换用,在口语中多用if。如:
例1
Nobody
knows
whether
(if)
it
will
rain
tomorrow
没有人知道明天是否下雨。
例2
Lucy
asked
whether
(if)
they
had
a
cotton
sweater
露西问他们是否有棉制的羊毛衣。
二、if或whether引导宾语从句时,要注意三个方面,即连词、语序和时态。
1
if或whether不能和that
或其它连词(副词)同时使用,也不能省去。如:
例3
我不知道他今天是否会来。
[误]
I
don’t
know
that
if(whether)
he
will
come
here
today
[正]
I
don’t
know
if(whether)
he
will
come
here
today
例4他走过来看看猫是否出了毛病。
[误]
He
came
to
see
what
if
(whether)
there
was
wrong
with
his
cat
[正]
He
came
to
see
if
(whether)
there
was
wrong
with
his
cat
2
if或whether引导的宾语从句时,虽具有疑问意义,但从句语序应用陈述句语序。如:
例5
Did
you
know
the
way
to
the
hospital
The
old
woman
asked
me
The
old
woman
asked
me
if
(whether)
I
knew
the
way
to
the
hospital
老妇人问我是否知道去医院的路。
3
if或whether引导的宾语从句应和主句的时态保持一致。即主句为一般现在时,从句用任一种时态;主句为一般过去时,从句则用过去时中的任一种时态。如:
例6
I
don’t
know
if
(whether)
he
has
come
here
我不知道他是否来过这儿。
例7
Tom
asked
if
(whether)
I
had
read
the
book
汤姆问我是否看过这本书
。
三、if和whether的区别:
1
在动词不定式之前只能用whether
。如:
例8
I
can’t
decide
whether
to
stay
我不能决定是否留下。
2
在whether
……
or
not
的固定搭配中。如:
例9
I
want
to
know
whether
it’s
good
news
or
not
我想知道是否是好消息。
3
在介词后,只能用whether。如:
例10
His
father
is
worried
about
whether
he
lose
his
work
他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。
4宾语从句放在句首表示强调时,只能用whether
。如:
例11
Whether
they
can
finish
the
work
on
time
is
still
a
problem
他们是否能准时完成这项工作还是个问题。
5用if会引起歧义时,只用whether。如:
例12
Could
you
tell
me
if
you
know
the
answer
这句话有两种意思:“你能告诉我是否知道答案吗?”或“如果你知道答案,请告诉我,好吗?”。如用whether可避免歧义。
171 引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
连接词:that,whether,if 不充当从句的任何成分)
连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,
whose, which
连接副词:when, where, how, why
不可省略的连词:
1 介词后的连词
2 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略
That she was chosen made us very happy
We heard the news that our team had won
比较:whether与if 均为"是否"的意思 但在下列情况下,whether 不能被if 取代:
1 whether引导主语从句并在句首
2 引导表语从句
3 whether从句作介词宾语
4 从句后有"or not"
Whether he will come is not clear
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语
It is not important who will go
It is still unknown which team will win the match
172 名词性that-从句
1)由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句 That只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语,例如:
主语:That he is still alive is sheer luck 他还活着全靠运气
宾语:John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去
表语:The fact is that he has not been seen recently 事实是近来谁也没有见过他
同位语:The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office
近来谁也没有见过他,这一事实令办公室所有的人不安
形容词宾语:I am glad that you are satisfied with your job
你对工作满意我感到很高兴
2)That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末,例如:
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure 很清楚,整个计划注定要失败
It's a pity that you should have to leave 你非走不可真是件憾事
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系:
a It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that… 重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明显……
173 名词性wh-从句
1)由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句Wh-词包括who, whom, whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等,例如:
主语: How the book will sell depends on its author 书销售如何取决于作者本人
直接宾语:In one's own home one can do what one likes 在自己家里可以随心所欲
间接宾语:The club will give whoever wins a prize
俱乐部将给得胜者设奖
表语: My question is who will take over president of the Foundation 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位
宾语补足语:She will name him whatever she wants to 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字
同位语: I have no idea when he will return
我不知道他什么时候回来
形容词宾语:I'm not sure why she refused their invitation 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请
介词宾语: That depends on where we shall go
那取决于我们去哪儿
2)Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语,而将wh-从句置于句末,例如:
It is not yet decided who will do that job
还没决定谁做这项工作
It remains unknown when they are going to get married 他们何时结婚依然不明
174 if, whether引导的名词从句
1)yes-no型疑问从句
从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的,因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句,其功能和wh-从句的功能相同, 例如:
主语:Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved 这一计划是否可行还有等证实
宾语:Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完
表语:The point is whether we should lend him the money 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他
同位语:They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy 他们调查他是否值得信赖
形容词宾语: She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come 她怀疑我们是否能够前来
介词宾语: I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期
2)选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whethe…or not构成,例如:
Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人
I don't care whether you like the plan or not我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划
175 否定转移
1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式
I don't think I know you 我想我并不认识你
I don' t believe he will come 我相信他不回来
注意:若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移
I hope you weren't ill 我想你没有生病吧
2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面
It doesn't seem that they know where to go
看来他们不知道往哪去
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow
看来我们明天不会碰上好天气
3) 有时将动名词,介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定
I don't remember having ever seen such a man
我记得从未见过这样一个人 (not否定动名词短语 having…)
It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street
在这里,人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人
(anyone 作主语,从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式)
4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前
The ant is not gathering this for itself alone (否定状语) 蚂蚁不只是为自己采食
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