英语基础语法——定语从句
■有关定语从句的概念
(1)定语从句：就是在复合句里充当定语的从句，它通常紧靠在所修饰的名词或代词后面。
(2)先行词：就是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。
(3)关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词who, whom, whose, which和that等；关系副词有when, where, why等。关系词不仅起连接作用，而且还代表先行词并在定语从句中担任某一句子成分，关系代词作主语、宾语、定语、表语等，关系副词作状语。如：
This is the book that my father bought me yesterday. 这就是我父亲昨天帮我买的那本书。
说明：句中修饰the book的that my father bought me yesterday就是定语从句；被定语从句所修饰的the book这是先行词；代表the book的关系代词that在定语从句中作bought的直接宾语。
The time when he arrives is not known. 他到达的时间还不知道。
说明：句中when he arrives是定语从句，被定语从句修饰的the time是先行词，关系副词when作时间状语。
■关系代词的一般用法
先行词是人，在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom或who，作定语用whose；先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which，作定语用of which或whose均可。在限制性定语从句中which, who, whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。
This is the man who helped me yesterday. 这就是昨天帮助我的那个人。(作主语)
The teacher (who/whom/that) you want to see is coming. 你要见的老师来了。(作see的宾语，可以省略)
I met a boy whose father was a astronaut. 我认识一位男孩，他的父亲是宇航员。(作定语)
Here is the coat which/that will be made to you. 这是一件做给你的衣服。（作主语）
This is the factory (which/that) we visited last year.这就是我们去年参观的那家工厂。(作visited的宾语，可以省略)
He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which) is very beautiful. 他有一本封面非常漂亮的书。
■关系副词的一般用法
关系副词有when, where, why，在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、地点和原因。when的先行词通常是time, day, season, age, occasion等时间名词；where的先行词通常是place, city, town, village, house, case, situation, scenes等地点或情形名词；why的先行词只能是reason。关系副词when和where有时可用“介词＋which”代替，why可用for which代替。如：
There are occasions when (=on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (=in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
注意：先行词虽然是时间或地点，但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词。
(1)The factory where his father worked has closed. 他父亲曾工作的那家工厂关闭了。(作状语)
比较：The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed. 1978年建的那家工厂关闭了。(作主语)
(2) I’ll never forget the days when we lived together. 我永远也忘不了我们一起生活的那些日子。(作状语)
比较：I’ll never forget the days (that) we spent in Australia. 我永远也忘不了我们在澳大利亚度过的那些日子。(作及物动词spent的宾语)
(3) The reason (why) she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。(作状语，用关系副词)
比较：The reason (that) he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated.他所说的缺席理由显然是编造的。(作gave的宾语，用关系代词)
■习惯上要用that引导的定语从句
(1)当先行词是指物的`all, little, few, much, any, anything, everything, nothing, none, the one时，或先行词被all, little, few, much, any, every, no等修饰时。
All that can be done has been done. 能做的都已经做了。
He will tell you everything that he heard about it.他将告诉你他所听到的关于这件事的一切。
There is little work that is fit for you. 没什么工作适合你做。
I have eaten all the food that is left. 我把剩下的所有食物都吃了。
(2)先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时，或者先行词被序数词(包括last, next)、最高级形容词及the only, the very 等修饰时。
This is the first film that I have seen since I came here.这是我到这里后所看的第一场电影。
This is the best that has been used against pollution. 这是用来防止污染的最好办法。
This is the very book that I am looking for. 这正是我一直在寻找的那本书。
(3)先行词包括人和物时(from www.nmet168.com)。
They often talk about the people and the things that they are interested in. 他们常常谈论那些他们感兴趣的人和事。
(4)当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时，为了避免重复，多用that引导。如：
Which is the house that caught fire last night? 昨晚失火的是那座房子？
Who is the lady that is playing the piano? 在弹钢琴的那位小姐是谁？
■习惯上不用that引导的定语从句
(1)在非限制性定语从句中，不以能用that引导。
Yesterday I met Mary, who seemed very excided. 昨天我碰到了玛丽，她显得非常兴奋。
(2)直接在介词后作宾语时，不能用that引导，要用whom, whose或which，且不能省略。
The house in which we live is not large. 我们住院的房子不大。
I know the young man with whom you live. 我认识和你住在一起的那个年青人。
但当介词放在从句的末尾时，可以用that替代which, who替代whom，也可以省略关系代词。如：
The house (which/that) we live in is not large. 我们住院的房子不大。
I know the man (whom/who/that) you live with. 我认识和你住在一起的那个人。
(3)当先行词是指人的all, any, few, one(s), anyone, everyone, people 等时，多用 who。如：
None so blind as those who won't see. 睁眼不看事实的人眼最瞎。
Anyone who is over sixteen is allowed in. 任何超过十六岁的人都允许进去。
I met someone who said he knew you. 我碰到一个人，他说认识你。
He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick. (谚)欲加之罪,何患无辞。
(4)当先行词与关系代词之间有较复杂的短语或从句隔开时(from www.yygrammar.com)。
I was the only person in my office who was invited. 我是我们办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。
A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 有位新校长明天来，他将教你们德语。
定语从句及相关术语1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。
（序）
1 定语可以由形容词，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任．
定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句．
2 定语从句用来修饰名词，代词或整个主句．
3 定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。
4 定语从句存在的条件:先行词+关系词（有的版本作关联词）+从句
（一） 限定性定语从句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置
2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句
6. when引导定语从句表示时间〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导
（二）非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed.
人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it.
我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left.
刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3. 有时as也可用作关系代词
4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物.
（三）关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人，在从句中做主语
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend
3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to.
如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.
4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。
在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
（四）注意
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时
从句常由介词+关系代词引导
(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.
(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(5) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
(6) We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等
(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)
(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)
2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)
(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
（五）关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.
（六）判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案：
例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；
先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。
（七）介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
（八）先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替) 2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)
（九as） which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例题
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。
which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
As 的用法例
1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；
例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
（十）关系代词that 的用法
(1)不用that的情况
(a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here.
(b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
(2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
(a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
(b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
(c) 先行词有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修饰时，只用that。
(d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
(e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。
(f)先行词指物，在主句中作表语时．
(g) 为了避免重复．
(h)先行词是the way时
举例：
Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?
这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗？
Who that break the window should be punished．
谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚．
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
（十一）难点分析
（一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况
1．当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时
(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?
(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.
(3) All that can be done has been done.
(4) There is little that I can do for you.
注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who
(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.
2. 当先行词被序数词修饰
(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
(1) This is the best film that I have seen.
4. 当形容词被the very, the only 修饰时
(1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,
(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.
当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who
(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting？
5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时
(1) Who is the man that is standing there?
(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时
(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：
1．As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。
(1) He married her, as/which was natural.
(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.
2. as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思
(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.
(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.
(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.
(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don’t believe.
注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which
(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.
3. 当先行次受such, the same修饰时，常用as
(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.
(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.
(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.
注意：当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同
(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.
她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。
(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。
(三）以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。
(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.
(四) but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句
(1) There are very few but understand his idea.
( but= who don’t )
(五) 区分定语从句和同位语从句
1．定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；
同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系
(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句
(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位语从句
2．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；
同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；
句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当成分
(1) The news he told me is true.
(2) The news that he has just died is true.
(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语
(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.
3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以
(1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. 同位语
(2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
(3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all.
(4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.
一、 知识点梳理
充当定语修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。
被定语从句修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。
定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，由一定的连接词引导，连接词称为关系代词(which,that,as,whom,who,whose)或关系副词(when,where,why)
1、 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句
起对先行词进行限定、区分的作用。若去掉易产生歧义或使主句意义不明确。(此类定语从句前后没有逗号)
【eg】The dress that my mother bought for me is very beautiful. 我妈妈给我买的裙子很漂亮。
⑵非限定性定语从句
与先行词之间的关系比较松散，只对先行词起说明和描述的作用。若省去，剩余部分意义仍然完整，表达清楚。(此类定语从句前后用逗号隔开)
【eg】Your writings , which everyone admires , are very
marvelous.
你的作品人人欣赏，实在是太了不起了。
Shakespeare , whose plays are popular , was a great
writer.
莎士比亚是个伟大的作家，他的剧作很受欢迎。
⑶某些情况下，一个定语从句既可以作限定性定语从句，又可以作为非限定性定语从句，但二者含义有差别。
【eg】There are ten cars here which are made in China.
这里有十辆中国制造的车。 (这里可能还有其他的车) There are ten cars here , which are made in China. 这里有十辆车，它们都是中国制造的。 (这里只有十辆车)
⑷that和why一般不引导非限定性定语从句，其他引导限定性定语从句的关系代词和关系副词都可以引导非限定性定语从句。
⑴限定性定语从句
【eg】My elder brother , who is an engineer , is working abroad. 我的'哥哥在国外工作，他是一个工程师。
Last year , I visited Quanzhou , which is a beautiful cityin Fujian Province.
去年我游览了泉州，它是福建省一个漂亮的城市。
⑴which和that指物
① which和that引导的限定性定语从句表事物，可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语。当他们在宾语从句中做宾语时，that和which常可以省略。
【eg】We must respect the custom here that has existed forhundreds of years.
我们必须尊重这里存在了数百年的习俗。 (做主语) This is the book (that / which) I want to buy.
这就是我想买的那本书。 (做buy的宾语) 多数情况下，that和which 可以通用。
② 在下列几种情况下，引导定语从句的关系代词多用that，不用或少用which。
a 先行词前有形容词的最高级、序数词或the only , the very , the last等表绝对意义的词作修饰语。
【eg】This is the oldest tree that exists in the world.
这是世界上现存最老的一棵树。
The only thing ( that ) he is interested in is collecting stamps.
他唯一感兴趣的事就是集邮。
b 先行词为不定代词(anything , nothing , everything)或被little , few , much, any , no等修饰
【eg】All the songs ( that ) he sang are very popular here.
他唱的所有的歌在这儿都很流行。
Everything that should be done has been done..
一切应该做的事情都已经做了。
若先行词是something，定语从句用 that 和 which 都可以。 c 先行词既包括人又包括物
【eg】They talked of people and things ( that ) they rememberedin England.
他们谈起了记忆中在英国的人和事。
d 当句中已有wh–疑问句，有时为了避免重复，用 that 引导定语从句而不用which。
③ 在下列几种情况下，一般使用which引导定语从句而不用that. a 引导非限定性定语从句。
【eg】China , which is the third largest country in the world ,is playing an important part in the world affairs. 中国是世界上第三大国家，它在国际事务中起着重要的作用。 b that和which 在从句中作介词的宾语。
介词可以放在句末也可以提到关系代词前面。
介词放在句末时，关系代词可用that 和which ，也可省略。
介词提前到关系代词前时，只能用which 不能用that ，且which 不可省。
【eg】A bottle opener is a tool ( which / that ) bottles areopened with.
=A bottle opener is a tool with which bottles are opened. 开瓶器是一种用来开启瓶子的工具。
c 当关系代词后面有插入语。
【eg】I have received the invitation to your wedding which ,as I have told you , made me very glad.
我已经收到你的婚礼请柬。这个邀请，正如我所告诉你的，使我感到万分荣幸。
d 若先行词是that，则用 which 引导定语从句。(that which的结构通常出现在谚语中)
【eg】That which is evil is soon learned.
坏事易学。
④ 先行词是way时，引导定语从句的关系代词有三种形式:in which / that或不用引导词。
【eg】The way he speaks is unique.
=The way that he speaks is unique.
=The way in which he speaks is unique.
他说话的方式很奇特。
⑵who,whom 和that指人。
① who和that在从句中既可做主语又可做宾语
whom 在从句中只可用做宾语。
当who , whom和that在从句中做宾语时，可以省略。
【eg】Do you know the girl who / that is talking with John over
there?
你认识在那边和John说话的那个女孩吗?
The man (who / whom / that ) you have just talked with is our teacher.
刚才和你说话的那个是我们的老师。
② who , whom , that在从句中都可作介词的宾语。
介词可位于句末也可提到关系代词前。
介词位于句末时，关系代词可用who , whom或that，也可省略。 介词提到关系代词前时，只能用whom不能用that和who，并且whom不可省。
(注意与2/⑴/③/b类比)
【eg】The man ( who / whom / that ) you have just talked withis our teacher.
=The man with whom you have just talked is our teacher. 刚才和你说话的那个人是我们的老师。
⑶ whose指人或指物，充当名词的修饰语，表示所属关系。
“whose+名词”=“名词+ of which”二者意思相同，可互换。
【eg】Look at the house whose windows are round.
=Look at the house the windows of which are round. 看那座窗户是圆形的房子。
⑷ as引导的定语从句
① 先行词有such 或the same 修饰，或者在as/so as 的结构中，都可用as
做关系代词来引导限定性定语从句。
【eg】I want to buy the same pen as you are using.
我想买一支和你用的那支一样的笔。
He used such expressions as he could find in the texts. 他使用在课文中可以找到的那些词语。
当the same修饰先行词时，引导定语从句的关系代词既可以用as也可用that。
区别：that引导的定语从句表示它所表述的事物与先行词是同一个。
as既可以表示“同一个”又可以表示“同类”。
【eg】This is the same book that I have lost.
这就是我丢失的那本书。
This is the same book as I have lost.
这本书和我丢失的那本一模一样。
② as引导非限定性定语从句。
as引导非限定性定语从句,修饰的是前面的整个句子。
which 也有这种用法,两者在大部分情况下可互换。
【eg】She has just cried , as / which I could see from her swollen eyes.
她刚刚哭过，我从她红肿的眼睛就可以看出。
As is known to all , China is the third largest country in the world.
众所周知，中国是世界上第三大繁荣国家。
which引导非限定性定语从句和引导的非限定性定语从句的区别： a which从句只能放在句末，而as从句可位于句首、句中、句末。
【eg】Mark Twain , as we all know , is a great writer. 众所周知，马克吐温是一位伟大的作家。
b 当主句是否定句时，as不能用 which 来替换。as从句所修饰的范围并不包括主句的否定意义。
【eg】Spiders are not insects , as many people think. 蜘蛛并非像许多人所想的那样是昆虫。
3、 关系副词when , where , why的使用
关系副词where , when , why在从句中分别做地点状语、时间状语和原因状语。他们经常可以用“介词+ which ”来替代
⑴when可替换为 on / at / in / during + which , 在定语从句中做时间状语。
【eg】I still remember the day when / on which we first met. 我还记得我们初次见面的那一天。
Do you still remember the summer vacation when / duringwhich we visited a lot of places in Beijing?
你还记得我们在北京游览了很多地方的那个暑假吗?
⑵ where可替换为 at / in / to + which ，在定语从句中跟在表地点的名词后面做地点状语。
【eg】That is the school where / at which I used to study. 那就是我过去学习过的学校。
Think of a place where / to which we can go for a swim. 想一个我们可以去游泳的地方。
⑶ why 可替换为for which ，引导先行词为reason的定语从句，表示原因。
【eg】This is the reason why / for which he was late. 这就是他迟到的原因。
⑷ 关系副词when , where , why 引导定语从句时一般可用that替换，也可省略。
【eg】She is always busy working from the time ( when / that )she gets up in the morning till the time ( when / that ) she goes to bed.
她总是很忙，从早上起床一直到上床睡觉，她都在工作。 That is the place ( where / that ) I went before.
那就是我们从前去过的地方。
Do you know the reason ( why / that ) he left the company? 你知道他离开公司的原因吗?
二、 例题
1、( )The flood overflowed the riverbanks , ______ frequently happened in that area.
A as it B which C it D such
2、( )This is the best novel ______ we have read in recent years.
A which B that C as D so
3、( )All ______ is a large sum of money.
A what is needed B that is needed
C the thing needed D for their needs
4、( )Read the text a second time and you will probably know what the principle ______ a hovercraft works.
A is on that B has on which
C is on which D on which
5、( )The way ______ he gives his performances is appreciated by his fans. Which of the followings is wrong?
A / B which C in which D that
6、( )My assistant , ______ carefully read through the instructions before doing the experiment , did not get satisfactory results.
A who thought B even who
C who had D who having
7、( )In the dark streets , there was not a single person ______ she could turn for help.
A that B who C from whom D to whom
8、( )The neighbourhood factory , ______ workers are all women , turns out toys
of fine quality.
A there B which C whose D when
9、( )He is such an outstanding leader ______ is loved by the people throughout the country.
A as B that C which D who
10、( )The can opener is easy to handle , ______ is shown in the picture.
A as it B as C that D since
11、( )Everything was quite all right ______ one day ______ she got into trouble.
A not until when B until before
C not until before D until when
12、( )A fast food restaurant is the place ______ ,just as the name suggests , eating is performed quickly.
A which B where C there D what
13、( )The plane was delayed , ______ was that the weather was terrible.
A the reason why B the reason for it
C the reason of it D the reason for which
14、( )Do not let the child who is ______ swim in rivers.
A not old enough B too young to
C not old enough to D young enough to
15、( )I think you have got to the point ______ ,a change is needed , otherwise you will fail.
A when B that C where D which
三、巩固练习
1、( )Is this university ______ they paid a visit to last month?
A which B where C the one D which you
2、( )I will never forget the days ______ we spent together in the village.
A / B when C what D how
3、( ) ______ is mentioned above , the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.
A Which B As C That D It
4、( )I was late for school this morning because of the traffic jam ______ I was caught.
A which B where C in which D when
5、( )Has everything ______ can be done ______ done?
A / / B / been C that been D that be
6、( )Can you find me something ______ ?
A to open the tin B that I can open the tin
C I can open the tin with D by which to open the tin
7、( )Water dissolves a part of nearly everything ______ it comes in contact.
A where B with which C that D as soon as
8、( )The size of the audience , ______ we had expected , was well over 500.
A whom B that C who D as
9、( )The shop assistant I spoke ______ nothing.
A to say B to said C said D tell
10、( )When the mid-term exam was over , I went fishing - ______ I had not done for weeks.
A anything B everything C nothing D something
11、( )Tigers live in forests , ______ there are plenty of other animals for them to hunt for food.
A when B if C as D where
12、( )I am going to buy the same bicycle ______ you are using now.
A that B which C as D like
13、( )This is the same watch ______ I lost.
A which B as C that D but
14、( )-How far apart do they live?______ I know ,they live in the same neighbourhood.
A As long as B As far as C As well as D As often as
15、( )Yesterday I bought a Chinese painting ______ was very reasonable.
A which price B the price of whichC its price D the price of whose
key:
1~5 BBBCB 6~10 CDCAB 11~15 DBDAC 巩固1~5 CABCC 6~10 CBDBD 11~15 DCCBB
