动词的‘延续性’的(按:即non-terminative verbs,又称无限动词); ‘结束性’动词(按:即terminative verbs,又称有限动词)
瞬间动词,也叫终止性动词、点动词、结束性动词、非延续性动词、短暂性动词这类动词所表示的动作在瞬间就可以完成,不能延续下去,即动作从开始到结束所持续的时间极短瞬间动词往往表示动作的结果,或表示短暂性、一次性的动作与重复动词相对也叫有限动词
一、延续性动词
延续性动词表示的动作不但可以延续,而且可以产生持久的影响常见的这类动词有:be,have,keep,know,learn,lie,live,read,sing,sleep,stand,stay,wait,walk,watch等延续性动词的用法很广,但常见于现在完成时中的句子中,且常与for,how,long,since等引导的表示一段时间的状语或状语从句连用例如:
1.I have learned more than 1,000 Chinese words since I came to China.
自从来到中国,我已经学会了l,000多个汉字
2.We have lived in Linqing since we came here.自从来到这儿,我们就一直住在临清
3.I have kept the picture for about three years.这张画我保存了大约三年
二、终止性动词
终止性动词又称为瞬间动词或非延续性动词,它表示的动作不能延续,也就是说动作一旦发生就立即结束,并产生某种结果常见的这类动词有:accept,arrive,become,begin,borrow,break,buy,catch,close,come,die,end,fall,finish,get,give,go,join,leave,put,reach,receive,shut,start,stop等终止性动词用在现在完成时要注意下面三点:
(一)终止性动词可直接用来表示某一动作的完成例如:
1.They have reached Shanghai.他们已经到达了上海
2.Has he gone to London 他已经到伦敦去了吗
(二)终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续,所以,在现在完成时中一般不能和以since,for等引导的表示一段时间的状语连用例如:
1.那老人已经死了一周了The old man has died for a week.(误)
2.他三天前就已经来这儿了He has come here since three days ago.(误)
在以上两句中,die和come都是终止性动词,可用于现在完成时,但不能与以
since或for引导的表示一段时间的状语连用那么,上面两个句子应该怎样译成英语呢请看下面四种译法:
1.把终止性动词改为延续性的动词例如:
①The old man has been dead for a week.
②He has been here since three days ago.
2.把原句中的一段时间改为表示“过去”的时间,时态由现在完成时改变成一般过去时例如:
①The old man died a week ago.
②He came here three days ago.
3.用“It is+时间+since…”句式例如:
①It is/has been a week since the old man died.
②It has been/is three days since he came here.
4.用“多长时间+has passed+since…”句式例如:
①A week has passed since the old men died.
②Three days had passed since he came here.
(三)有关特殊终止性动词的用法
1.在while(表示一段时间)引导的从句里,谓语动词不能使用终止性动词,但可以把while改成when,这样,从句里的谓语动词就可以使用终止性动词了因为when既可以表示时间的“点”,又可以表示时间的“段”例如:
While he got to America.he found his English Was very poor.(误)
When he got t0 America.he found his English was very poor.(正)
2.终止性动词的否定式与until连用时,意为“直到……才/不到什么时间不……”等例如:
Don’t get off until the bus stops.车未停稳,切勿下车
3.终止性动词不可以与how long引导的句式连用例如:
How long have you borrowed the magazine(误)
When did you borrow the magazine(正)
How long have you kept the magazine(正)
延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如:learn,
work,
stand,
lie,
know,
walk,
keep,
have,
wait,
watch,
sing,
read,
sleep,
live,
stay等。
终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。如open,
close,
finish,
begin,
come,
go,
arrive,
reach,
get
to,
leave,
move,
borrow,buy等。
一、延续性动词
延续性动词表示的动作不但可以延续,而且可以产生持久的影响。常见的这类动词有:be,have,keep,know,learn,lie,live,read,sing,sleep,stand,stay,wait,walk,watch等。延续性动词的用法很广,但常见于现在完成时中的句子中,且常与for,how,long,since等引导的表示一段时间的状语或状语从句连用。例如:
1.i
have
learned
more
than
1,000
chinese
words
since
i
came
to
china.
自从来到中国,我已经学会了l,000多个汉字。
2.we
have
lived
in
linqing
since
we
came
here.自从来到这儿,我们就一直住在临清。
3.i
have
kept
the
picture
for
about
three
years.这张画我保存了大约三年。
延续性动词又称持续性动词,它所表示的是一种持续的动作。
延续性动词可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用,而非延续性动词不行
举个例子:
(1)
how
long
have
you
had
it
这辆车你买了多久了?
[说明]
在英语中,非延续性动词不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。所以我们不说“how
long
have
you
bought
it”因为how
long
是“多久”的意思,而buy是非延续性动词,二者
不相配。常用的非延续性动词有:become,
begin,
buy,
borrow,
arrive,
come,
die,
fall,
finish,
get
to
know,
go,
join,
leave,
marry,
start,
stop等。为了表达这种意思,我们常用
相应的延续性动词
have,keep
或短语
“be+名词,形容词,位置副词,介词短语”
来代替非
延续动词。如:become---be,
begin---have/
be
on,
borrow---keep,
buy---have,
come---
be
here/there/in…,
die---be
dead,
finish---be
over,
join---be
in,
leave---be
away等。
例如:his
father
has
been
dead
for
one
year(不能用die)
他父亲死了一年了。
my
brother
has
been
in
the
army
for
two
years(不能用join)
我哥哥参军两年了。
i
have
kept
the
book
for
two
weeks
(不能用borrow)
我借这本书两个星期了。
非延续性动词可用与现在完成时态,但由于动作是瞬时间完成的所以不能与for或since引出的时间状语连用英语中常见的非延续性动词在完成时态中可改为相应的表示延续性的动词或短语,这时可与表示一段时间的的状语连用
now
let's
do
some
exercise!
which
one
is
correct
can
you
tell
me
he
has
joined
the
party
for
two
years
he
has
been
a
party
member
for
two
years
i
have
bought
this
computer
for
a
month
i
have
had
this
computer
for
a
month
do
this
exercise!
i
have
come
here
for
two
years
he
has
gone
to
beijing
for
three
months
my
mother
has
left
that
factory
for
ten
years
we
have
started
to
learn
english
for
5
years
i
have
been
here
for
two
years
he
has
been
in
beijing
for
three
months
my
mother
has
been
away
from
that
factory
for
ten
years
we
have
learned
english
for
5
years
the
film
has
been
on
for
10
minutes
they
have
had
a
tv
for
2
weeks
they
have
bought
a
tv
for
2
days
the
film
has
begun
for
10
minutes
i
have
borrowed
a
book
for
3
weeks
i
have
kept
a
book
for
3
weeks
he
has
been
dead
for
ten
years
i
have
had
a
cold
for
several
days
英语中表示动作的动词,按其动作发生过程的长短,可分为持续性动词和终止性动词。持续性动词(或称为“延续性动词”)表示的动作是一种延续的动作,这种动作可以延续下去或者产生持久的影响。如:learn,work,stand,lie,know,walk,have等都是延续性动词。
终止性动词,亦称为“非延续性动词”,表示的动作不能延续,即动作结束后立即结束,产生某种结果。在有了某种结果之后,动作就不能再继续下去。如:marry,close,die,jump,buy,borrow,
start等词,都是终止性动词。因此,若表示状态和持续性动作时,必须用持续性动词。如:
Thisbookhasbeenlyingon
thetablefortwodays这本书在桌上已经放了两天了。
不能说:ThisbookhasbeenputonthetablefortwodaysManygirlswearskirtsinsummer夏天许多姑娘穿裙子。
不能说:Manygirlsputonskirts
insummer同样,若要表示一时性动作时,必须用终止性动词,不可用持续性动词。如:Iputonmycoatquicklyandwentout我很快穿上外衣就出去了。
不能说:Iwearmycoatquicklyandwentout
英语中,按动词延续的时间长短,可将动词分为延续性动词和短暂性动词。延续性动词如learn, study, work, play, wait等。短暂性动词是非延续性动词,即动作一开始便结束的动词,又可称结束性动词,瞬间动词,如come, go, begin, start, become, join, end, die, buy, arrive, reach, borrow, lend, get to know等。
一.短暂性动词与延续性动词在现在完成时中的用法:
现在完成时中用法(一):
表示发生在过去,迄今已经完成,并对现在产生影响或产生结果的动作, 常用ever, yet, already, just等状语,谓语动词既可是延续性动词,也可是短暂性动词。
如:She has just borrowed the book from the library(borrow是短暂性动词)
I have learned a little about Japanese (learn 是延续性动词)
现在完成时中用法(二):
表示始于过去某时并一直延续到现在的动作或状态,常与表示始于过去某一时刻并一直延续到现在的时间状语连用。
如:They have lived in Nantong since 1990 (live 是延续性动词)
Mr Black has worked here since he came to China(work 是延续性动词)
I have learned English for two and a half years(learn 是延续性动词)
所以,在现在完成时中用法(二)中,在表示持续一段时间的句子中,应将短暂性动词转化为相同意义的延续性动词或状态动词
结束性动词
go, leave, move
arrive, come, reach
join, become
buy, get(得到)
fall ill (asleep)
finish, end
begin , start
begin to learn (work ,read,rain)
go out
get up
borrow
get to know
die
lose
延续性动词
be away (off), be out of
be here , be in +某地
be in , be a (an) + n
have
be ill (asleep)
be over
be on
learn, work , read, rain
be out
be up
keep
know
be dead
be lost
二.在When, while, as 引导的时间状语从句中短暂性动词与延续性动词的运用。
when, while, as 引导的时间状语从句都可表示"当……时",但也有区别。
when可指一段时间,也可指一点时间,既可表示短暂性,一时性的动作,又可表示延续性的动作。由when引导的状语从句其谓语动词可以是延续性动词也可以是短暂性动词。
while只能表示延续性的动作或状态,不能表示一时性或短暂性的动作,引导的状语从句中谓语动词是延续性动词。
as所表示的动作与主句动作同时发生,具有延续的含义,一般同延续性动词连用。as 和 while 可译为“一边……一边……”,“正当……的时候”。
till 和 until 这两个词的意思都是"直到……",引导一个表示一端时间的状语,其后的介词宾语或从句表明这段时间的终点,用法相近,但在句首只能用until。在肯定句中,主句要用延续性动词;正在否定句中,until或till 可以和非延续性动词连用,这时, until和before 同义,notuntil 和 notbefore 意思相同,表示"直到才","在以前不"
。在可以用How long 提问表示一段时间的句子中,谓语动作通常使用延续性动词
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