现在分词作状语的用法
现在分词作状语:
①现在分词doing所代表的动作或状态与谓语动词是同时或几乎是同时发生的,可以作时间、原因、方式、条件、结果、目的、让步、伴随等状语。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。如:
Rushing out of the house, he was knocked down by a car
他一冲出屋子就被一辆车撞倒了。
My cousin went to Shenzhen, hoping to find a job there
我表兄去深圳了,希望在那儿找份工作。
The child fell,striking his head against the door
小孩摔了一跤,头在门上碰了一下。
In the last few years, the country has had a hard time, suffering several killer quakes 过去几年里,这个国家经历了艰难的时期,遭受了几次致命的地震。
Being spring, the flowers are in full bloom
因为是春天,所以花都盛开着。
②有些分词作状语,没有逻辑上的主语,已成为习惯用法:considering, judging from, talking of, allowing for(考虑到), generally/frankly/honestly/roughly/strictly speaking, assuming that(假设)等。如:
Talking of this film, it’s wonderful
说到这部**,好极了。
Assuming that it is true, what should we do now
假定那是真的, 我们现在该怎麽办
Judging by the direction of the wind, it won’t rain today
根据风向测度, 今天不会下雨。
Social psychology, strictly speaking, deals with the behavior of people in groups 严格地说, 社会心理学研究人们的群体行为。
首先弄清过去分词作状语的最基本特点,初步认识过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作。例如:
Written in a hurry, this article was not so good!
因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好。
析: written 为过去分词作状语,表示这篇文章是被写的,而且已经被写。
值得注意的是,有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦)。
Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound 因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音。
Born in this beautiful town, he hates to leave it
出生于这个美丽的小镇,他不愿离开它。
然后是明确过去分词作状语时的逻辑主语
过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语,此时应注意人称一致。例如:
Given another hour, I can also work out this problem
再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题。
析: given 为过去分词作状语,它的逻辑主语为主句主语 I ,即 I 被再给一个小时。
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us
从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮。
析: seen 为过去分词作状语,表“被看”,由语境可知,它的逻辑主语必须是城市,而不是“我们”,因为“我们”应主动看城市。
值得注意的是,如果过去分词作状语时,前面再加逻辑主语,主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语,这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构。例如:
The signal given, the bus started
信号一发出,汽车就开动了。
析: the signal 是 given 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 the bus 就不是 given 的逻辑主语。
Her head held high, she went by
她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去。
析: her head 是 held high 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 she 就不再是 held high 的逻辑主语。
再次要弄清过去分词作状语的由来
过去分词作状语来源于状语从句。例如:
Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet
因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了。
析: caught in a heavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语,它来源于原因状语从句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain
Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast
如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快。
析: grown in rich soil 为过去分词作条件状语,它来源于条件状语从句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil
值得注意的是,状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成“连词+过去分词”结构作状语。
When given a medical examination, you should keep calm
当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。
最后要明确过去分词作状语的位置。
过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语,后面有逗号与主句隔开;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开。例如:
He stood there silently, moved to tears = Moved to tears, he stood there silently
他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶。
1 分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、让步、条件,方式或伴随状况。通常可转换成相应的状语从句;表示方式或伴随状况时可以转换成并列句或非限制性定语从句。例如:
Put into use in April 2000 (=When it was put into use in April 2000), the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns (2005上海) 分词短语作时间状语
Blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network (=Because she was blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network), Alice was in low spirits (2006福建) 分词短语作原因状语
Given time (=If he is given time), he’ll make a fist-class tennis player (03北京)分词短语作条件状语
We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, thinking that all children like these things (= and think that all children like these things) (2006全国3) 分词短语作伴随状语
2 有时为了强调,分词前可带when, while, if, though, as if, unless等连词一起作状语,以便使句子的意思更清楚、更连贯。例如:
When comparing different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities (2006浙江)
Though tired, he still continued reading
3 现在分词和过去分词作状语时的用法比较。
不管是现在分词还是过去分词单独作状语,其逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致。分词作状语通常可转换成一个相应的状语从句或并列句,如果状语分句或并列句中的谓语动词为被动结构,就用过去分词;如果状语分句或并列句中的谓语动词为主动结构,就用现在分词。例如:
When compared with the size of the whole earth , the biggest ocean does not seem big at all (04湖北)
分词部分相当于When the biggest ocean is compared with the size of the whole earth, 主语与分词是被动关系,所以用过去分词。
When comparing it with the size of the whole earth, we find that the biggest ocean does not seem big at all
When we compare it with the size of the whole earth 主语与分词是主动关系, 所以用现在分词。
Faced with a bill for$10,000(=Because he is faced with a bill for$10,000), John has taken an extra job (2006全国2)
Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always saying the same thing (= and he would say the same thing) (2006江苏)
注意:
1 现在分词有两种时态:一般式doing和完成式having done。一般式通常表示与主句的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或无先后;完成式则强调分词所表示的动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作。 如:
While walking in the street, we met some friends of ours(同时发生)
Having waited in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home (04北京) (“等待”先于谓语动词“意识到”)
2 分词的否定式的构成: not +分词。 Not having received a reply, he decided to write again
分词作状语,可以表示时间,原因,理由,条件,让步,连续等,相当于一个状语从句。
1 时间状语(相当于时间状语从句):如:
He went out shutting the door behind him他出去后将门随手关上。
Stepping carelessly off the pavement,he was knocked down by the bus他不小心离开了人行道,被公共汽车撞倒了。
2 原因状语(相当于原因状语从句):如:Being a shy man, Einstein did not attend the public celebration on his fiftieth birthday爱因斯坦没有参加公众为他举行的50岁生日庆祝会,因为他腼腆。
Being sick I stayed at home我因病待在家中。
Gone from home so long, they joyously embraced their mates of boyhood他们久离家乡,高兴地拥抱他们儿时伙伴。
Born and bred in the countryside, he was bewildered by the big city 他生长在乡下,对这座大城市感到迷惑。
3.方式、伴随或附加说明,有时前面可加连词as if 。如:
The lichens came borne by storms这些地衣是由暴风雨带来的。(表示方式)
Holding the note in his hand, he stood there, dumb founded他站在那里目瞪口呆,手里拿着那张支票。(表示伴随)
He stood as if remembering something他站着,好象想起了什么。
4条件状语(相当于条件状语从句)如:
Considered form this point of riew, the question will be of great importance从这个角度看,此问题很重要。United, we stand, divided, we fall团结则存,分裂则亡。
He will not come unless invited如果不请他,他是不会来的。
5结果状语:如:The child fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it那孩子跌到了,头碰在门上碰破了。
He dropped the plate, breaking it into a hundred pieces他把盘子掉了,打成了碎片
He said that the leaves of his jasmine plant had turned yellow He thought that it was due to a water shortage so he applied more water, only making things worse他说他的茉莉花的叶子变黄了他想是缺水所致,于是多浇了水,结果反而更遭。
6程度状语:如:
His plans failed, raving mad他的计划失败了,疯狂的很。
7目的状语:如:He use to go swimming every morning during the summer vacation过去暑假时,他每天早晨都去游泳。
8让步状语:如:
Mocked at by everyone, he had my sympathy人人都嘲笑他,我却同情他。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage他们尽管了解这一切,还是要我们赔偿损失。
说明:如果分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语,须在分词前面加上它自己的主语,但这种结构叫独立主格结构,其作用相当于状语从句;或用with复合结构(with+宾语+宾补)作状语。如:
Her tea finished, she went on with her work喝完茶后,她继续工作。
This done, we went home做完此事,我们就回家了。
She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast她凝视着,双手叉在胸前。
All our saving gone, we started looking for jobs积蓄全部花完了,我们就开始找工作。
With the fire burning all the night, she had a sound sleep 尽管大火烧了一夜,她还是睡的很香。
分词的独立结构大多情况下表示伴随的动作或状况、时间、方式、原因、条件等。
当复合句中的从句的主语与主句的主语不一致时,将从句转换成分词结构时可保留从句的主语,以区别于主句的主语。这种带有自己的逻辑主语的分词结构叫做分词的独立结构(absolute construction)。至于分词独立结构中的动词是用其现在分词-ing形式还是过去分词-ed形式,只需将分词独立结构转换为其深层结构——从句,分析从句中的主谓关系,我们就能得出动词分词的正确形式。
一、表示伴随的动作或状况:一般由“with(without)+分词”构成。如:
1.Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once.鸟也能在两个脑半球同时休息时睡觉。
2.She walked with her head held high.她走路时头抬得高高的。
3.The soldiers went up the street with their bayonets flashing in the winter sunlight.战士们在街上行走,刺刀在冬天的阳光下闪闪发光。
二、表示时间。如:
1.The football match being over,the players shook hands with each other.足球比赛结束后,队员们相互握手。
2.This task being completed,he took up a new one.这项任务完成后,他又承担一项新的任务。
3.His paper work having been finished,he left the office.文书活干完后,他离开了办公室。
三、表示方式。如:
1.She stood at the end of the village, her eyes gazing steadily into the distance.她站在村尾,眼睛直视前方。
2.She is staring straight ahead,her muscles contracting slightly.她眼盯着前方看,脸上的肌肉在微微颤抖。
四、表示原因。如:
1.There being a political report in the afternoon,we shall put off our class.因为下午有政治报告,我们将取消上课。
2.Her mother having fallen ill,the girl had to do the housework by herself.母亲生病了,这女孩得自己做家务。
3.The weather being fine,we visited the factory.因为天气好,我们去参观了工厂。
五、表示条件。如:
1.Weather permitting,we shall have an outing tomorrow.如果天气好的话,明天我们去郊游。
2.All things considered,this novel is the best of its kind.如果考虑所有因素的话,这部小说是该类中最好的。
3.Time permitting,I'm determined to learn more.如果时间许可的话,我决定去深造学习。
值得一提的是,在分词的独立主格结构中,being + adj.(adv.)结构中的分词being可省略。如:
The lecture(being)over,we left the hall.
英语状语
英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语(adverbial)。
状语的功用:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。
状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中。
副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。
1副词一般在句子中做状语.
He speaks English very well 他英语说得非常好
He is playing under the tree中的under the tree(地点状语)
2 不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。
I come specially to see you我专门来看你
3介词短语
My parents often tell us about their bitter life in the past
Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian
The boy was praised for his bravery
4从句作状语
When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian
If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you
5分词作状语
Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。
Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another
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(一)什么是状语
状语是谓语里的另一个附加成分,它附加在谓语中心语的前面,从情状,时间,处所,方式,条件,对象,肯定,否定,范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制
状语与定语相同的地方是,都是前加附加成分;不同的地方是,它是谓语里的附加成分,而定语是主语或宾语里的附加成分从句子的层次上看,状语是在第二个层次和第三个层次里的成分,有时甚至是更低层次的成分
(二)状语的构成
经常充当状语的有形容词,副词,时间处所名词,能愿动词,指示代词,以及方位短语,介词短语,动宾短语,谓词性联合短语,谓词性偏正短语,谓词性主谓短语等
含有动量词的数量短语以及重叠式的数量短语(不论动量,物量)也可以充当状语
此外,少数名词带上表比况的助词也可以作状语
(三)状语的书面标志——"地"
状语的书面标志是结构助词"地"状语后面带或者是不带"地",情况比较复杂一般讲来,数量短语,主谓短语,动宾短语等作状语时,大都带"地";而介词短语,方位短语,能愿动词,时间处所名词作状语时不能带"地",副词,单音节形容词作状语一般也不带"地"
(四)多层状语
如果一个中心语前面有好几个状语(多层状语),那就应当注意它们的语序多层状语的状语个数一般比多层定语的定语个数要少些,其语序也比多层定语的语序要灵活一些
多层状语的一般语序:
1表时间的名词或方位短语,介词短语;
2副词
3表处所的介词短语或名词,方位短语;
4表情态的形容词或谓词短语;
5表对象的介词短语
其中副词的位置较为灵活,也可放置在第三项之后
(五)一般状语和句首状语
状语在句子中有两种位置:一种是在主语之后,谓语中心之前,如上文所举各例,这是状语的一般位置;另一种是放在主语的前面的,这是状语的特殊位置,这种状语可称"句首状语"
(二)主谓句
主谓句是由主语,谓语两个部分构成的单句,又叫双部句在句子结构的第一个层次上就主谓双全是它的特点
根据谓语的构成,或者说,根据充当谓语的词或短语的词性或语法功能类别,可将主谓句分成动词谓语句,形容词谓语句,名词谓语句三种
1,动词谓语句:谓语由动词或动词性短语充当的主谓句
2,形容词谓语句:由形容词或形容词性短语充当谓语的主谓句
3,名词谓语句:由名词或名词性短语充当谓语的句子
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